Everything about Boston Tea Party totally explained
The
Boston Tea Party was an act of
direct action by the
American colonists against
Great Britain in which they destroyed many
crates of
tea bricks on ships in
Boston Harbor. The incident, which took place on Thursday,
December 16,
1773, has been seen as helping to spark the
American Revolution.
Background
The
Stamp Act of 1765 and the
Townshend Acts of 1767 angered colonists regarding British decisions on
taxing the colonies despite a lack of representation in the
Westminster Parliament. One of the protesters was
John Hancock. In 1768, Hancock's ship
Liberty was seized by customs officials, and he was charged with
smuggling. He was defended by
John Adams, and the charges were eventually dropped. However, Hancock later faced several hundred more indictments.
Hancock organized a
boycott of tea from
China sold by the
British East India Company, whose sales in the colonies then fell from 320,000 pounds (145,000 kg) to 520 pounds (240 kg). By 1773, the company had large debts, huge stocks of tea in its warehouses and no prospect of selling it because smugglers, such as Hancock, were importing tea from Holland without paying
import taxes. The British government passed the
Tea Act, which allowed the East India Company to sell tea to the colonies directly and without "payment of any customs or duties whatsoever" in Britain, instead paying the much lower American duty. This tax break allowed the East India Company to sell tea for half the old price and cheaper than the price of tea in England, enabling them to undercut the prices offered by the colonial merchants and smugglers.
American colonists, particularly the wealthy smugglers, resented this favored treatment of a major company, which employed lobbyists and wielded great influence in Parliament. Protests resulted in both Philadelphia and New York, but it was those in Boston that made their mark in history. Still reeling from the
Hutchinson letters, Bostonians suspected the removal of the Tea Tax was simply another attempt by the British parliament to squash American freedom.
Samuel Adams, wealthy smugglers, and others who had profited from the smuggled tea called for agents and consignees of the
East India Company tea to abandon their positions; consignees who hesitated were terrorized through attacks on their warehouses and even their homes.
The first of many ships which arrived at the Boston harbor carrying the East India Company tea was
Dartmouth arriving in late November 1773. A standoff ensued between the port authorities and the
Sons of Liberty. Samuel Adams whipped up the growing crowd by demanding a series of protest meetings. Coming from both the city and outlying areas, thousands attended these meetings; every meeting larger than the one before. The crowds shouted defiance not only at the British Parliament, the East India Company, and
Dartmouth but at Governor
Thomas Hutchinson as well, who was still struggling to have the tea landed. On the night of December 16, the protest meeting, held at Boston's
Old South Meeting House, was the largest yet seen. An estimated 8,000 people were said to have attended.
The owner of the
Dartmouth and its captain agreed that the tea would be returned to England and similar promises were obtained from the owners of two more vessels en route, the
Eleanor and the
Beaver. However, Governor Hutchinson ordered the harbor to be blocked and he wouldn't allow any tea-bearing vessels to leave until they'd been unloaded.
Event
On Thursday,
December 16,
1773, the evening before the
tea was due to be landed, Captain Roach appealed to Governor Hutchinson to allow his ship to leave without unloading its tea. When Roach returned and reported Hutchinson's refusal to a massive protest meeting, Samuel Adams said to the assembly "This meeting can do nothing more to save the country". As though on cue, the
Sons of Liberty thinly disguised as
Narragansett Indians and armed with small hatchets and clubs, headed toward Griffin's Wharf (in Boston Harbor), where lay
Dartmouth and the newly-arrived
Beaver and
Eleanour. Swiftly and efficiently, casks of tea were brought up from the hold to the deck, reasonable proof that some of the "Indians" were, in fact, longshoremen. The casks were opened and the tea dumped overboard; the work, lasting well into the night, was quick, thorough, and efficient. By dawn, over 342 casks or 90,000 lbs (45 tons) of tea worth an estimated £10,000 (£953,000, or $1.87 million USD in 2007 currency) had been consigned to waters of Boston harbor.
The fourth East India Company ship carrying tea didn't arrive with the other three because it had run aground in Provincetown. All fifty-eight tea chests were salvaged and put onto a fishing schooner, which arrived safely in Boston and into Bostonian's teapots.
Reaction
Hutchinson's actions had caused a crisis. He had been urging London to take a hard line with the Sons of Liberty. If he'd done what the other royal governors had done and let the ship owners and captains resolve the issue with the colonists, the
Dartmouth,
Eleanor, and the
Beaver would have left without unloading any tea.
Lord North said that if the colonists had stuck with nonimportation for another six months the tea tax would have been repealed. In February, 1775, Britain passed the
Conciliatory Resolution which ended taxation for any colony which satisfactorily provided for the imperial defence and the upkeep of imperial officers. The Tea Act was repealed with the
Taxation of Colonies Act 1778.
In Britain, even those politicians considered friends of the colonies were appalled and this act united all parties there against the colonies.
Lord North said, "Whatever may be the consequence, we must risk something; if we do not, all is over". The British government felt this was an action which couldn't be unpunished and responded by closing the port of Boston and put in place other laws that were known as the "
Intolerable Acts", also called the
Coercive Acts, or
Punitive Acts. In addition, John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, and Benjamin Church were charged with the "Crime of High Treason".
In the colonies,
Benjamin Franklin stated that the destroyed tea must be repaid. Robert Murray, a New York merchant went to
Lord North with three other merchants and offered to pay for the losses, but the offer was turned down. A number of colonists were inspired to carry out similar acts, such as the burning of the
Peggy Stewart. The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many catalysts which led to the
American Revolutionary War. At the very least, the Boston Tea Party and the reaction that followed served to rally support for revolutionaries in the
thirteen colonies who were eventually successful in their
fight for independence.
Many colonists, in Boston and elsewhere in the country, pledged to abstain from tea drinking as a protest, turning instead to "Balsamic hyperion" (made from raspberry leaves), other herbal infusions, and
coffee. This social protest movement away from tea drinking, however, wasn't long-lived.
Influence
The Boston Tea Party is known around the world and has been inspirational to other noted
activists and
reform leaders. For example,
Erik H. Erikson records in his book "Gandhi's Truths" that when
Mahatma Gandhi met with the British viceroy in 1930 after the
Indian salt protest campaign, Gandhi took some duty-free salt from his shawl and said, with a smile, that the salt was "to remind us of the famous Boston Tea Party."
American political activists have invoked the Tea Party as a symbol of rebellion against the establishment. For example, in the
2008 presidential race, a
moneybomb fundraiser for candidate
Ron Paul scheduled for the anniversary of
December 16 2007, raised over $6.0 million.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Boston Tea Party'.
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